physics
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The energy required to separate the ions of an ionic solid (especially a crystal) to infinity

A reflective optical prism containing a section where two faces meet at a 90° angle, resembling the roof of a building. Reflection from the two 90° faces returns an image that is flipped laterally across the axis where the faces meet.

To add a dopant such as arsenic to (a pure semiconductor such as silicon).
"To improve its conductivity, the scientists dope the silicon with phosphorus. "

A parallelogram, two adjacent sides of which are vectors having the same initial point and representing two forces acting simultaneously upon this point, such that the resultant of the forces is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram that passes through this point.















